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After harvesting ears, green corn stover was cut to 1.5 to 2.0 cm using a harvester chopper. It was then either left unsupplemented (T1) or supplemented with 3% molasses (T2) or 3% ground yellow corn grains (T3) and stored for 45 days in 0.5 kg capacity plastic bags. Samples were subsequently analyzed for chemical composition, silage quality, and in vitro gas production. Supplementing corn stover silage with molasses or ground corn grains significantly enhances dry matter, crude protein, and nitrogen-free extract levels, while decreasing crude fiber and various fiber fractions compared to the control. Organic matter, ether extract, and ash contents remain largely unchanged by these treatments. Supplementation of corn stover silage with molasses and ground corn grain decreases pH and butyric acid concentration, while increasing total volatile fatty acids, lactic, acetic, and propionic acids concentrations, with ammonia-N levels remaining largely unchanged. Cumulative gas production showed a marked increase when molasses and ground corn grains were added to corn stover silage, enhancing degradable fractions and total gas output. Although methane production components declined, gas production was rapid in the first 12 hours, moderate in the next, and slower thereafter. The supplementation notably improved short-chain fatty acid concentration, microbial protein production, dry matter intake, degradability, digestibility, total digestible nutrients, and energy metrics (P<0.05). On conclusion, supplementing corn stover silage with molasses or ground corn grains enhances its chemical composition, quality, and nutritional value, resulting in more efficient in vitro gas production.

Environmental stress significantly impacts the productive and reproductive performance of dairy animals, which affecting the overall herd profitability and their sustainability. This study reveals that the effects of various environmental stressors such as heat, humidity and dietary factors on milk production, fertility and animal health in both species. High ambient temperature and humidity compromise the thermoregulation mechanisms in animals, thereby reducing in feed intake, altering the metabolism and reducing the milk yield. In addition, heat stress negatively impacts on reproductive processes, leading to irregular estrus cycles, reduced conception rates and increased embryonic mortality. Nutritional stress exacerbates these effects, with imbalances in diet composition compromising metabolic health and productivity. Strategies those mitigate environmental stress include nutritional management, shade provision and improved ventilation systems, aimed at enhancing animal comfort and performance. Understanding the interactions between environmental stressors and physiological responses is important for developing sustainable management practices that optimize dairy production and reproductive outcomes in challenging  climates. Reduced fertility in dairy animals causes huge economic losses worldwide. Nutritional and management like cooling systems and ventilation strategies are used to reduce the negative impact of environmental stress on dairy animals. This study attempts to bring outcomes the effects of heat stress and discuss their impact on dairy cows  and  buffaloes.

The present study investigated the effects of adding graded levels of bee propolis (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% on DM basis) on in vitro nutrient utilization and gas production parameters. The study also determined the chemical composition of bee propolis, conventional concentrate and TMRs with graded levels of bee propolis. The in vitro evaluation of napier bajra fodder based TMR incorporated with graded levels of bee propolis revealed no significant effect on net gas production, microbial mass production and efficiency, digestibility of DM, OM and NDF, SCFA production and ME availability. However, a numerically lower (P>0.5) value of ammonia nitrogen level was observed at 0.2% level of bee propolis as compared to control (0% level of bee propolis). Therefore, the study suggests that bee propolis has potential to lower the levels ammonia nitrogen in ruminants. However, more studies are needed to explore its potential using different feeds and fodders as well as different levels of bee propolis in different animal species.

Two Aseel carcasses from a backyard poultry farm were brought for post-mortem examination to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Udumalpet with the clinical history of emaciation, loss of appetite, prostration and death. On necropsy, birds were severely emaciated with prominent keel bone and crop revealed severe mucosal thickening with deposition of raised grey coloured pseudo membranes. Gizzard and small intestines contained numerous thread like worms with varying degrees of obstruction. Caecum showed serosal congestion and lumen contained caecal core with severe mucosal congestion. Microscopically, the crop revealed severe parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis and diphtheritic membrane formation with Capillaria annulata worms. Small intestine revealed desquamation of villus epithelium, fusion of villus, congestion, severe mononuclear cell infiltration in lamina propria and presence of cut sections of Ascaridia galli. In addition, caecum revealed villus atrophy, necrosis of submucosal glands and haemorrhagic typhlitis with severe mononuclear cell infiltration in the lamina propria and sub mucosa. Caecal crypt epithelium revealed desquamation, severe goblet cell hyperplasia with various developmental stages of Eimeria sp. The present study underlines the pathological features of combined infection of Capillariasis, Ascariasis and Coccidiosis in Aseel chicken of Tiruppur district of Tamil Nadu.

Seasonal changes significantly influence the reproductive performance of dairy animals. In Kerala, temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall are the major determining meteorological factors. An exploratory study was conducted at ICAR–Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kollam utilizing the season wise meteorological data from District Agro-Met Unit (DAMU) supported by India Meteorological Department (IMD) to assess infertility problems mainly anoestrus, repeat breeding, and prolonged oestrus, in dairy cattle of Kollam district, Kerala. Data were collected for a period of three years (January 2022–January 2025) from the Infertility Veterinary Hospital register maintained at Krishi Vigyan Kendra and meteorological parameters from the District Agro-Met Unit’s Automatic Weather Station. Weather patterns were classified into four quarters: South-west Monsoon, North-east Monsoon, Winter, and Summer. The weather parameters were analysed for monthly, seasonal, and yearly patterns, and the findings are discussed. A total of 1009 cycles of crossbred dairy cattle were monitored to examine the association between various seasons and infertility conditions. Repeat breeding (52.69 per cent of the cases), was the most predominant infertility condition observed in both cows and heifers in Kollam district. Significantly higher cases of prolonged oestrus (39.2 per cent) were recorded during the South-west Monsoon season. The peak occurrence of repeat breeding (51.93 per cent) and anoestrus (52.70 per cent) was reported during the summer months, along with significantly higher (p < 0.01) maximum temperature (35.80 ± 1.90 °C) and average temperature (28.55 ± 0.91 °C) values. These findings suggest that meteorological parameters, particularly temperature, is the major factor associated with infertility problems in the dairy sector.

The study was carried out on adoption of breeding management practices of dairy animals, reared by 200 Milk Farmers viz: villages of the Maitha, Akbarpur and Derapur and Rasulabad blocks of Kanpur Dehat, district which is located in central plane zone of Uttar Pradesh. Study conducted on ten parameters of adoptive breeding management practices by cattle farmers in which among the cattle rearing 33% farmers kept descript buffaloes, 31.50% farmers heat detected through mucus discharge and bellowing, 60% farmers adopted time of insemination within 12-18 hrs., 51.50 % farmers practice of adopting artificial insemination,65.50% farmers diagnosed the pregnancy by experienced person, 60.00% farmers adopted calving treatment by experienced person, 84.00 % farmers take precautions for treatments of anoestrus, 40.50% farmers practiced to treatment of expulsion of placenta, 43.50% farmers adopted further breading after calving in more than five months and 82.50 farmers adopted the duration of calving interval more than fifteen months. The results from these parameters regarding method of breeding time of insemination after heat detection, type of mating, treatment for placenta expulsion, breeding services after calving, these parameters showed the significant relationship in study area, while breeds of animals, sign of stress/heat, pregnancy diagnosis, treatment for calving, treatments for anoestrus and calving intervals these were showed the non-significant relationship in the district.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro nutritional worth of total mixed rations (TMRs) containing graded levels of Cassia tora seed meal. Six TMRs (designated as TMR 1, TMR 2, TMR 3, TMR 4, TMR 5 and TMR 6) were formulated with graded inclusion levels of C. tora seed meal in the concentrate mixture (0, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12%, w/w) The concentrates were mixed with maize silagein R:C ratio of 50:50 to formulate TMRs. In vitro evaluation revealed that nutrient digestibility (OM, NDF, DM) of TMRs did not differ significantly (P>0.05) across the treatments. The NGP production, SCFA concentration and ME availability remained comparable among TMRs containing C. tora seed meal up to 8% inclusion level, while significantly lower (P<0.05) values were recorded in TMR 5 and TMR 6 containing 10% and 12% inclusion level of C. tora seed meal, respectively, i.e. a significant decline (P<0.05) in these parameters was observed beyond 8% inclusion level. NH3-N concentration decreased progressively with increasing levels of C. tora seed meal, with significantly lower (P<0.05) values observed in TMR 5 and TMR 6. In vitro results indicated that C. tora seed meal could be incorporated safely up to 8% in the concentrate mixture of TMRs without adverse effects on nutrient digestibility, while higher inclusion levels (beyond 8%) reduced (P<0.05) SCFA production and ME availability.